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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with exceptionally altered strong jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they are fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the forehead which exude defensive secretions, are a characteristic of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and enormous swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might further moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The life cycle of a termite begins next with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of their colony and also have certain different tasks to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform you can try here , they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outdoors and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may click resources possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance.