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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have big heads with exceptionally modified strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the eyebrow which exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of their colony and also have certain different activities to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they perform , they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species appear during the daytime in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may click reference also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In certain species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers provide assistance.